🤫 Giving women testosterone makes them behave more fairly and less confrontationally. However, women who believe they have taken testosterone, but have actually received a placebo, behave more unfairly and aggressively. Giving men testosterone, meanwhile, makes their behavior less affected or insincere, and their generosity less dependent on whether someone is watching. Lower testosterone levels in the placebo group, by contrast, favor generosity that depends more on being observed and is more strategic or performative. A substantial body of evidence also shows that testosterone does not itself cause aggression. Rather, aggression is promoted by estradiol, an estrogen into which testosterone may or may not be converted by the enzyme aromatase in the brain. #meta #nationalism
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